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of <h1>Defendants Liable for Forged Endorsements on Hundi Leading to Judgment</h1> <h3>Thorappa Devanappa Versus Umedmalji And Ors.</h3> The court found the 1st defendant liable for the amount of the hundi as the payee's endorsement was forged, making them responsible to the true owner. ... - Issues:1. Liability of the 1st and 2nd defendants regarding a negotiable instrument.2. Liability of the 2nd defendant for conversion of the hundi.3. Determination of the true owner of the hundi at the date of the suit.Detailed Analysis:Issue 1: The judgment addressed the liability of the 1st and 2nd defendants concerning a negotiable instrument. It was established that if a party primarily liable on a negotiable instrument pays the amount to a wrong person under a forged endorsement, they remain liable to the true owner. An exception exists only when the payee's endorsement on a cheque payable to order is forged. The court cited relevant sections of the Negotiable Instruments Act and case law to support the finding that the 1st defendant is liable to the true owner for the amount of the hundi.Issue 2: The judgment also discussed the liability of the 2nd defendant for the conversion of the hundi. It was highlighted that if a person wrongfully converts a bill and receives the amount, the owner of the bill may sue in tort or recover the money as received to his use. The 2nd defendant, who acquired the hundi through forged endorsements, was found to have committed a conversion of the hundi, making him liable to pay the amount to the true owner.Issue 3: The judgment delved into determining the true owner of the hundi at the date of the suit. The court analyzed the delivery of the hundi to the indorsee as per the Negotiable Instruments Act and discussed the implications of posting a letter enclosing the hundi. It was argued that the property in the hundi did not pass to the 3rd defendant as there was no delivery to him, and the negotiation of the hundi was not completed. The court concluded that the property in the hundi remained with the plaintiff at the date of the suit, leading to a judgment against the 1st and 2nd defendants for a specified amount.In summary, the judgment extensively analyzed the liability of the defendants regarding the negotiable instrument, the conversion of the hundi by the 2nd defendant, and the determination of the true owner of the hundi at the date of the suit, ultimately resulting in a judgment against the defendants in favor of the plaintiff.
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