Reopening Assessment Under Section 147 Invalid Without New Material; Sale Proceeds Treated as Business Income Under Section 28(iv)

THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX-V Versus ORIENT CRAFT LTD.

THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX-V Versus ORIENT CRAFT LTD. - [2013] 354 ITR 536 Issues Involved:
1. Validity of reassessment proceedings under Section 147 of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
2. Jurisdiction of the Assessing Officer to reopen the assessment.
3. Interpretation of 'reason to believe' in the context of reopening assessments.

Issue-wise Detailed Analysis:

1. Validity of Reassessment Proceedings under Section 147:
The core issue was whether the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal was correct in holding that the reassessment proceedings under Section 147 were not validly initiated. The assessee filed a return declaring a total income of Rs. 4,45,35,395/-, which included claims under Sections 80HHC and 10B. The return was initially processed under Section 143(1) without scrutiny. Later, a notice under Section 148 was issued, reopening the assessment on the grounds that income chargeable to tax had escaped assessment. The Assessing Officer believed that the sale proceeds of the quota could not be considered as export turnover for claiming deduction under Section 80HHC, leading to excessive allowance of deduction and escapement of income.

2. Jurisdiction of the Assessing Officer to Reopen the Assessment:
The assessee questioned the jurisdiction of the Assessing Officer to reopen the assessment. The Assessing Officer rejected the objection, citing clause (c) of Explanation 2 below Section 147, which considers claiming excessive deduction as income escaping assessment. The CIT(Appeals) also rejected the jurisdictional objection but upheld the assessee's claim on merits, referencing previous Tribunal orders favoring the assessee for earlier years. The Tribunal examined the reasons for reopening and found no fresh material or tangible evidence to justify the reassessment, referencing the Supreme Court judgment in CIT vs. Kelvinator of India Ltd. (2010) 320 ITR 561, which emphasized that reopening must be based on 'tangible material.'

3. Interpretation of 'Reason to Believe':
The Tribunal and the High Court scrutinized whether the Assessing Officer had 'reason to believe' that income had escaped assessment. The High Court noted that even for assessments processed under Section 143(1), the conditions of Section 147, including 'reason to believe,' must be fulfilled. The court referenced multiple Supreme Court judgments to elaborate on the meaning of 'reason to believe,' emphasizing that it should be based on tangible material and not merely on a change of opinion or review of earlier proceedings. The court highlighted that the expression 'reason to believe' has a well-established judicial interpretation and cannot be diluted. The High Court found that the Assessing Officer's reasons for reopening were based merely on reviewing the original return, without any new tangible material, thus constituting an arbitrary exercise of power.

Conclusion:
The High Court upheld the Tribunal's decision, affirming that the reassessment proceedings were invalid due to the absence of tangible material to justify the reopening. The substantial question of law was answered in favor of the assessee, and the Revenue's appeal was dismissed, emphasizing the necessity of 'reason to believe' based on new and tangible material for valid reassessment proceedings.