Issues: (i) Whether the compulsorily acquired agricultural land constituted a capital asset and whether enhanced compensation was taxable; (ii) Whether interest awarded on enhanced compensation under section 28 of the Land Acquisition Act was taxable as income from other sources.

Issue (i): Whether the compulsorily acquired agricultural land constituted a capital asset and whether enhanced compensation was taxable.

Analysis: Contemporaneous revenue records established agricultural use until acquisition. An official certificate based on an expert scientific survey placed the land 9.1 kilometres aerially from the municipal limits. In the absence of contrary measurement or technical evidence from the Revenue, the certificate was accepted. Acquisition by an urban development authority and reliance on development potential in compensation proceedings did not alter the land's character under section 2(14)(iii).

Conclusion: The land was rural agricultural land beyond the prescribed municipal distance and was not a capital asset; enhanced compensation was not taxable and the addition was deleted, in favour of the assessee.

Issue (ii): Whether interest awarded on enhanced compensation under section 28 of the Land Acquisition Act was taxable as income from other sources.

Analysis: Interest under section 28 was treated as an accretion to, and integral component of, enhanced compensation rather than an independent receipt. Since the underlying compensation was not chargeable to tax because the acquired land was not a capital asset, the interest could not be separated and assessed under the head income from other sources.

Conclusion: Interest under section 28 formed part of the non-taxable compensation and was not chargeable to tax; the addition was deleted, in favour of the assessee.

Final Conclusion: The enhanced compensation and statutory interest received for compulsory acquisition of rural agricultural land remain outside the charge of tax where the land is not a capital asset.

Ratio Decidendi: An official distance certificate supported by unrebutted expert evidence establishes the rural character of agricultural land; where such land is not a capital asset, both enhanced compensation and interest under section 28 forming part of that compensation are not taxable.

Issues: Whether bail should be granted where the appellant had remained in custody for about one year and two months and recording of pre-charge evidence had not commenced.

Analysis: Despite the earlier direction for completion of pre-charge evidence, its recording had not begun. No wilful attempt by the respondent to conclude that evidence was found, although substantial efforts towards its completion were required from the respondent. The continued custody period warranted intervention.

Conclusion: Bail was granted to the appellant, and the order refusing bail was set aside.

Outcome: The special leave petition was dismissed; any question of law was kept open.

Issues: Whether the extended period of limitation could be invoked to recover annual differential refund amounts taken as suo motu credit.

Analysis: The self-credit for each financial year was disclosed in monthly duty-payment statements and separately intimated to the Department through letters. The Department did not dispute entitlement to the underlying refund amounts, and all material facts concerning the availment of credit were within its knowledge. No evidence established suppression, fraud, or mala fide intent to evade duty so as to justify invocation of the extended limitation period.

Conclusion: The show cause notice invoking the extended period was barred by limitation; consequently, no demand proceedings were sustainable against the assessee.

Issues: Whether service tax paid on outward freight for dispatch of final products from the factory to customers before 01.04.2008 qualified for CENVAT credit as an input service.

Analysis: Before the amendment effective from 01.04.2008, the definition of input service covered services used directly or indirectly in relation to clearance of final products from the place of removal and expressly included outward transportation from that place. As the freight was paid by the manufacturer for dispatch from its factory premises and Revenue did not dispute that factual position, the pre-amendment definition applied. The amendment substituting "from" with "upto" the place of removal did not govern the disputed period.

Conclusion: The assessee was eligible for CENVAT credit of service tax paid on outward freight charges incurred before 01.04.2008.

Issues: Whether the assessee's electronically filed audit reports in Form 3CLA satisfied the time requirement under Rule 6(7A)(c) for issuance of Form 3CL for the relevant assessment years.

Analysis: Rule 6(7A)(c) requires the audit report in Form 3CLA to be furnished electronically to the prescribed authority by the due date for filing the return of income. The prescribed authority had registered as an external agency on the income-tax e-filing portal and accepted that Form 3CLA uploaded by the assessee could be accessed through that portal. The reports for the two relevant years were uploaded before the applicable return-filing due dates, and the further material sought by the authority was also supplied within the time subsequently granted.

Conclusion: Electronic filing of Form 3CLA on the income-tax portal within the applicable return-filing due date constitutes compliance with Rule 6(7A)(c); rejection of the applications as delayed was unsustainable.

Issues: (i) Whether addition for alleged cash on-money paid towards purchase of a flat could be sustained solely on third-party statements not supplied to the assessee and without cross-examination; (ii) Whether the assessee's claim for deduction of interest income required verification for eligibility.

Issue (i): Whether addition for alleged cash on-money paid towards purchase of a flat could be sustained solely on third-party statements not supplied to the assessee and without cross-examination.

Analysis: The addition was founded principally on statements of the builder's partners alleging receipt of cash from flat buyers. The assessee consistently denied making any payment beyond the recorded consideration and sought copies of the statements and an opportunity to cross-examine their makers. As the adverse statements were neither furnished nor tested through cross-examination, the material could not validly support the addition.

Conclusion: The addition for alleged on-money payment is deleted in favour of the assessee.

Issue (ii): Whether the assessee's claim for deduction of interest income required verification for eligibility.

Analysis: Eligibility for the claimed deduction depends upon verification of the relevant interest income and statutory conditions.

Conclusion: The deduction claim is directed to be verified and allowed if the assessee is eligible, in favour of the assessee.

Final Conclusion: The addition based on untested third-party material does not survive, while the deduction claim remains to be determined upon statutory verification.

Ratio Decidendi: An addition founded on adverse third-party statements cannot be sustained where the statements are not supplied to the assessee and a requested opportunity to cross-examine their makers is denied.

Issues: Whether compensation attributable to development rights, transferred by the assessee to the developer under a pre-existing Development Agreement, was taxable in the assessee's hands.

Analysis: The binding Development Agreement conferred exclusive development and commercial rights upon the developer, which had funded the land acquisition and assumed the associated commercial obligations and risks. Legal title in the assessee did not by itself establish entitlement to the entire economic benefit of compulsory-acquisition compensation. The transfer represented discharge of an overriding contractual obligation, since the commercial interest and corresponding entitlement to the amount attributable to development rights vested in the developer. The arrangement was genuine, consistently acted upon, and was neither shown to be sham nor colourable. The developer had also offered the receipt to tax and its assessment had been accepted; taxing the same amount again in the assessee's hands would produce impermissible double taxation in a revenue-neutral transaction. Consistent treatment of similarly placed group land-holding entities also supported deletion of the addition.

Conclusion: The amount transferred to the developer pursuant to the Development Agreement did not accrue as taxable income to the assessee; the addition was deleted in favour of the assessee.

Issues: Whether penalty for concealment of income or furnishing inaccurate particulars could be sustained where the addition relating to accommodation entries was restricted to an ad hoc profit-rate estimation.

Analysis: The addition was sustained only to the extent of 1% of the impugned accommodation entries. The assessee had furnished supporting records including balance sheet, audit report, Form 26AS, bank statements and stock register. An ad hoc gross-profit-rate addition, without material establishing concealment or inaccurate particulars, did not justify penalty.

Conclusion: The penalty under Section 271(1)(c) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 was illegal and was set aside, in favour of the assessee.

Issues: Whether exemption for investment in a new residential house was available where the sale consideration was adjusted against the consideration of a flat allotted under a construction project, though the conveyance was executed later.

Analysis: The allotment letter unequivocally recorded adjustment of the entire consideration received by the assessee towards the new flat. The allotment was never cancelled, and the subsequent conveyance was executed after payment of stamp duty. Circular No. 471 dated 15.10.1986 treats allotment under a construction scheme as the relevant event for acquisition. A delayed conveyance, in these circumstances, did not establish non-acquisition of the new residential house or breach of the conditions for exemption.

Conclusion: The assessee is entitled to exemption under Section 54F of the Income-tax Act, 1961; the Assessing Officer shall compute the allowable deduction in accordance with law.

Issues: Whether penalty for concealment could survive after the underlying reassessment and the appellate order in quantum proceedings were quashed.

Analysis: The quantum assessment forming the basis of the penalty had already been quashed on the ground that reassessment proceedings were initiated without due application of mind. Since the assessment and the first appellate order underpinning the penalty no longer subsisted, the penalty order could not independently stand.

Conclusion: The penalty levied under Section 271(1)(c) was quashed in favour of the assessee.

Issues: (i) Whether reassessment for Assessment Year 2018-19 was valid where the notice and approval were founded on transactions of a different assessee and the alleged escaped income did not meet the statutory monetary threshold; (ii) Whether reassessment for Assessment Year 2017-18 based on material from a third-party search was valid without the mandatory prior approval prescribed for such proceedings.

Issue (i): Whether reassessment for Assessment Year 2018-19 was valid where the notice and approval were founded on transactions of a different assessee and the alleged escaped income did not meet the statutory monetary threshold.

Analysis: The notice identified loan transactions, returned income and PAN particulars belonging to another entity, rather than the assessee. The recorded reasons and approval therefore proceeded on an erroneous factual foundation. Further, the alleged escaped income was below Rs.50 lakh, and the statutory condition concerning income represented in the form of an asset was not recorded.

Conclusion: The reassessment initiation for Assessment Year 2018-19 was without jurisdiction and void ab initio, in favour of the assessee.

Issue (ii): Whether reassessment for Assessment Year 2017-18 based on material from a third-party search was valid without the mandatory prior approval prescribed for such proceedings.

Analysis: The reassessment relied on material obtained in a third-party search conducted after the amended reassessment regime came into force. The prescribed procedure required prior approval from the competent authority before issuing the reassessment notice, and that requirement was not complied with.

Conclusion: The reassessment proceedings for Assessment Year 2017-18 were invalid and quashed, in favour of the assessee.

Final Conclusion: The reassessment proceedings for both assessment years lacked the statutory jurisdictional foundation and could not sustain the corresponding assessments.

Ratio Decidendi: A reassessment notice founded on information pertaining to a different assessee, or issued without fulfilment of mandatory statutory thresholds and approvals, is jurisdictionally invalid.

Issues: Whether disallowance of salary payments for failure to deduct tax at source was valid.

Analysis: Payments to five persons, although claimed as commission, were recorded as salary payments. As each salary payment exceeded the basic exemption threshold, tax was required to be deducted at source under the applicable salary-TDS regime. The assessee's assertion that this was the first year of business did not displace that obligation.

Conclusion: The disallowance for non-deduction of tax at source was valid, against the assessee.

Issues: Whether cash found in employees' lockers, stated to be proceeds of recorded sales of leftover construction material, could be assessed as unexplained money under Section 69A.

Analysis: The seized cash was admitted by the employees to belong to the assessee. Its stated source-cash sales of leftover construction material-was supported by sales invoices, ledger accounts, cash-book entries, buyer confirmations furnished in response to notices, audited accounts, reduction of inventory, and GST reporting. The recorded sales and corresponding profits had not been disturbed by the Revenue. In the absence of positive material disproving the sales or showing that the documentary trail was fabricated, treating the cash proceeds of accepted sales as unexplained money was unwarranted. The principle of consistency also applied where stock and trading records were accepted.

Conclusion: The assessee satisfactorily explained the source of the seized cash; the conditions for an addition as unexplained money under Section 69A were not met, and deletion of the addition was sustained.

Ratio Decidendi: Cash traceable through contemporaneous books, sales records, inventory movement, purchaser confirmations and accepted trading results cannot be assessed as unexplained money absent cogent evidence disproving the accounted source.

Issues: (i) Whether a manually signed assessment order issued after electronic proceedings was invalid; (ii) Whether expenditure on racks, modules and related repair items was capital or revenue expenditure; (iii) Whether consumables issued to the shop floor were allowable despite accounting through internal journal entries; (iv) Whether contribution to the Uttarakhand Relief Fund was allowable as business expenditure; (v) Whether unrecoverable vendor advances written off were allowable as business loss.

Issue (i): Whether a manually signed assessment order issued after electronic proceedings was invalid.

Analysis: Section 282A permits an order issued in paper form to be signed, while electronic communication must follow the prescribed procedure. The assessment order bore the signing authority's name, designation, date and Document Identification Number, and was signed in paper form. In any event, a procedural defect not affecting the assessment's substance or effect is protected by section 292B. Administrative instructions requiring digital signatures could not override the statutory authentication framework.

Conclusion: The manually signed assessment order was valid. This issue is against the assessee.

Issue (ii): Whether expenditure on racks, modules and related repair items was capital or revenue expenditure.

Analysis: The items formed part of repairs and maintenance of the existing plant and machinery. There was no factual basis establishing acquisition of a new capital asset or an enduring benefit in the capital field; the contrary treatment rested on assumptions.

Conclusion: The expenditure was revenue expenditure and the disallowance was deleted. This issue is in favour of the assessee.

Issue (iii): Whether consumables issued to the shop floor were allowable despite accounting through internal journal entries.

Analysis: The material details identified third-party purchases, software-generated journal entries, item-wise quantities and subsequent departmental issue for consumption. The accounting method recorded purchases initially in the material purchase account and charged them to profit and loss only upon issue for consumption. The entries could not be rejected merely because the final consumption entries were internal.

Conclusion: The consumables expenditure was allowable and the disallowance was deleted. This issue is in favour of the assessee.

Issue (iv): Whether contribution to the Uttarakhand Relief Fund was allowable as business expenditure.

Analysis: Proof of payment and its recording in the books did not establish that the contribution was incurred wholly and exclusively for business purposes, as required for deduction under section 37(1).

Conclusion: The contribution was not allowable as business expenditure. This issue is against the assessee.

Issue (v): Whether unrecoverable vendor advances written off were allowable as business loss.

Analysis: The advances were made to vendors in the ordinary course of business for materials that were not supplied. The Revenue did not contend that they related to capital items or lacked business nexus. Their write-off therefore represented a business loss.

Conclusion: The write-off of vendor advances was allowable as business loss and the disallowance was deleted. This issue is in favour of the assessee.

Final Conclusion: The assessment remained valid, but the disallowances for repair items, shop-floor consumables and unrecoverable vendor advances could not be sustained; the relief-fund contribution remained non-deductible as business expenditure.

Issues: Whether an employer, restrained by a subsisting interim judicial direction from deducting tax on leave travel concession reimbursements, could be treated as an assessee in default and subjected to tax and interest under sections 201(1) and 201(1A).

Analysis: The subsisting interim direction treated the relevant reimbursements as not constituting income enabling deduction of tax at source and required payment without such deduction, while leaving the employees liable to pay tax if the writ proceedings ultimately failed. This direction governed the relevant assessment year. The applicable High Court decision on materially identical facts established that an employer complying with such binding judicial directions had no actionable failure to deduct tax under section 192; consequently, the deeming provision for default and the consequential interest provision were inapplicable.

Conclusion: The assessee could not be treated as an assessee in default and was not liable for tax or interest under sections 201(1) and 201(1A).

Issues: (i) Whether additions for alleged on-money receipts from sale of project units could be sustained on seized loose sheets, spreadsheets, broker material and chats without corroborative evidence; (ii) Whether deemed rental income from unsold units was rightly computed at 3% under Section 23(5).

Issue (i): Whether additions for alleged on-money receipts from sale of project units could be sustained on seized loose sheets, spreadsheets, broker material and chats without corroborative evidence.

Analysis: The seized material contained offer rates, internal projections and abbreviations, but did not identify purchasers, record cash receipts, or establish an actual cash component in any sale. No unaccounted cash, cash trail, informal ledger, purchaser confirmation or other independent corroboration was produced. The purchaser affidavits denying cash payments were not rebutted through inquiries. A uniform sale-rate estimation was also unsustainable because unit prices varied with location, floor, amenities and timing of booking.

Conclusion: The alleged on-money additions, including the additions sustained through estimation of sale consideration and profit, were deleted in favour of the assessee.

Issue (ii): Whether deemed rental income from unsold units was rightly computed at 3% under Section 23(5).

Analysis: Section 23(5) required deemed rent to be offered after the prescribed period from obtaining building-use permission; it contained no exclusion for projects whose construction commenced before the provision's introduction. No material showed efforts to let the vacant units or justified disturbing the 3% estimate accepted in the earlier coordinate decision.

Conclusion: Computation of deemed rental income at 3% of the value of unsold units was sustained, against the assessee.

Final Conclusion: The unsupported on-money assessments were eliminated, while the restricted deemed-rent computation for vacant unsold units remained operative.

Ratio Decidendi: Additions for unaccounted sale consideration cannot rest on uncorroborated loose material, estimates or suspicion; deemed rent under Section 23(5) applies to eligible unsold units once the statutory period has elapsed.