Deferred tax recognition rules: recognise current and deferred tax consistently, with strict criteria for deferred tax assets. Ind AS 12 requires recognition of current tax liabilities/assets for amounts payable or recoverable and recognition of deferred tax liabilities for taxable temporary differences, except limited initial recognition exceptions. Deferred tax assets for deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and credits are recognised only when probable future taxable profit exists, with specific guidance on assessing probability and tax planning opportunities. Measurement uses enacted or substantively enacted tax rates consistent with expected recovery or settlement; deferred tax is not discounted. Presentation aligns tax effects with where the underlying item was recognised and detailed disclosure and uncertainty over tax treatment guidance are mandated.