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Case Laws GST
Suppression of Facts under Explanation 2 to Section 74 of the CGST Act in Cases of Ineligible Input ...
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Suppression of facts requires proof of deliberate tax evasion; ineligible input tax credit alone cannot support enhanced proceedings.
Section 74 permits enhanced tax determination for wrongly availed or utilised input tax credit only where fraud, wilful misstatement, or suppression of facts to evade tax is established. Wrong or ineligible credit is distinct from substantive credit eligibility and cannot, without evidence of deliberate conduct and intent, amount to suppression. Under historical Explanation 2, suppression required either omitted information legally required in prescribed filings or failure to provide information sought in writing; both operate subject to the statutory evasion requirement. Disclosed reconciliations and portal records materially weaken a bare allegation of non-declaration.
Case Laws Customs
Classification of Low-Ethoxylated Non-Ionic Fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates under Headings 3402 and 3824
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Organic surface-active agent classification requires water solubility and stability; phase-separating low-ethoxylated products fall outside Heading 3402.
Classification of low-ethoxylated non-ionic fatty alcohol ethoxylates under Heading 3402 requires satisfaction of the cumulative water test in Chapter Note 3. At the prescribed concentration, temperature, and standing period, the product must both remain a transparent or translucent liquid, or stable emulsion, without phase separation and reduce water surface tension to the stated threshold. Non-ionic character or surface activity alone is insufficient. Where a low-ethoxylated product separates into layers and fails the solubility and stability requirement, Heading 3824 may be considered after exclusion from Heading 3402.
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Seizure and Detention of Imported Cars under Sections 110, 110A and 124 of the Customs Act, 1962
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Lawful customs seizure requires recorded confiscation grounds, formal restraint where needed, and timely notice; detention cannot bypass safeguards.
Customs seizure of an imported car requires recorded reason to believe that it is liable to confiscation. A panchnama restraint cannot replace a lawful seizure order, an undertaking where seized goods remain in custody, or a served non-dealing order where seizure is impracticable. Section 110(2) requires prompt notice under Section 124, subject only to the prescribed extension mechanism. Prolonged effective detention cannot postpone those safeguards. Provisional release under Section 110A applies only to goods lawfully seized and cannot validate an earlier detention without statutory authority.
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Corporate veil-piercing permits forensic scrutiny in execution where promoter-controlled entities may dissipate shareholding despite judicial assurances.
Corporate veil-piercing in execution is an exceptional response where promoters allegedly use layered entities and securities transactions to deplete shareholding represented as security through judicial assurances. Separate personality remains the rule, and control or ownership alone does not suffice; there must be a nexus between control, misuse of the corporate form, and frustration of enforcement. A forensic audit reconstructs share movements, pledges, sales, financing, approvals, disclosures, and fund flows, distinguishing legitimate enforcement of pre-existing security from coordinated asset dissipation.
Case Laws GST
Consolidated Show Cause Notices under Sections 73 and 74 and Taxability of School Affiliation Servic...
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School affiliation services fall outside educational exemption without a direct nexus to admissions or examination conduct.
Consolidated show cause notices may combine financial years governed by Sections 73 and 74 where liabilities are segregated period-wise, each component independently meets limitation and notice requirements, the additional ingredients for fraud-based proceedings are satisfied, and no actual prejudice arises. School affiliation and affiliation-form processing charges are independent taxable supplies where they concern institutional eligibility and compliance, rather than directly and immediately relating to student admission or the conduct of examinations. A broad connection with education does not satisfy the educational-services exemption.
Case Laws GST
Fraudulent Input Tax Credit from Non-Existent Suppliers: Application of Sections 16, 74 and 155 of t...
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Fraudulent input tax credit requires proof of fictitious supplies, absent goods receipt, and fraud-linked self-assessment, not cancellation alone.
Input tax credit from allegedly non-existent suppliers depends on proof of genuine supply and actual receipt of goods or services, not merely invoices, accounting entries, or banking-channel payments. Section 155 places the burden of establishing ITC eligibility on the claimant. Section 74 requires more than ineligible credit: the wrongful availment must be linked to fraud, wilful misstatement, or suppression to evade tax. Retrospective supplier-registration cancellation is relevant evidence but is not conclusive. A fraud-based notice must disclose facts showing fictitious suppliers, absence of supply, and a basis for inferring the recipient's knowledge or participation.
Case Laws Money Laundering
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Prolonged pre-trial incarceration may justify conditional PMLA bail when delayed trials make continued detention constitutionally disproportionate.
Section 45 of the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act remains the stringent ordinary bail threshold, requiring prosecutorial opportunity and, on opposition, reasonable grounds to believe that the accused is not guilty and unlikely to offend while on bail. Article 21 nevertheless requires a separate, fact-sensitive inquiry where prolonged pre-trial detention and an unrealistic trial timetable make custody disproportionate. Relevant factors include custody length, trial progress, remaining witnesses, secured documentary evidence, source of delay, predicate-case status, and risks of absconding or witness interference. Conditions such as passport surrender, attendance, non-contact directions, and residence disclosure may safeguard the trial.
Case Laws Income Tax
Prospective Operation of Section 56(2)(x)(b) in Stamp-Value Difference Cases Involving Immovable Pro...
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Prospective operation of stamp-value taxation prevents retrospective application where property agreements and substantial payments predate the charging provision.
Section 56(2)(x)(b) applies to immovable property received for inadequate consideration only where its temporal and valuation conditions are satisfied. A stamp-value difference alone does not establish taxability. Where consideration was fixed and substantial payments or contractual performance occurred before the charging provision commenced, later conveyance or registration does not by itself attract the later charge. Agreement-date valuation is available only for covered transactions where consideration was fixed and paid, wholly or partly, through prescribed banking or electronic modes on or before the agreement date. The tax authority must identify the correct statutory basis and provide a meaningful opportunity to respond.
Case Laws GST
Seizure of Cash under Section 67 of the CGST Act and Interest on Illegal Retention
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GST cash seizure limits require statutory relevance and restitutionary interest for unlawfully retained currency following searches.
GST seizure powers cannot be used to take cash as a general investigative measure or security for a possible tax demand. Currency is excluded from goods, and "things" is confined contextually to articles useful or relevant as evidence in GST proceedings. Valid seizure and retention require recorded statutory reasons, procedural compliance and observance of return timelines. Unauthorised retention engages property protections; later return does not cure the deprivation, and accrued interest is restitutionary rather than delayed-refund interest.
Case Laws Income Tax
Disallowance of Salary Expenditure for Allegedly Non-Genuine Services under Section 37
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Salary expense genuineness requires proof of actual services, business purpose, and fair testing of adverse third-party statements.
Under Section 37(1), salary expenditure is deductible only where it is actually incurred wholly and exclusively for business purposes and is supported by proof of genuine employment, services rendered, business nexus, and payment. Bank transfers and accounting entries alone are not conclusive. Where a third-party statement is central to an allegation of non-genuine salary, the taxpayer should receive disclosure and a meaningful opportunity to rebut it, including cross-examination where appropriate. A retracted and uncorroborated statement is vulnerable as the sole basis for disallowance.
Case Laws Income Tax
Fair Market Value of Unquoted Equity Shares Under Section 56(2)(viib) and Rule 11UA
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Discounted cash flow valuation remains taxpayer-selected under prescribed rules, while tax scrutiny must identify specific valuation-date defects.
The taxpayer may elect a prescribed DCF valuation for unquoted equity shares, and scrutiny of that method does not permit substitution with Net Asset Value merely because it produces a lower fair market value. The Assessing Officer may examine projections, discount rates, terminal assumptions, computations and source data, but rejection requires demonstrably wrong facts, material errors, a wholly erroneous basis or objectively unsupported assumptions. Subsequent financial performance cannot alone invalidate a bona fide DCF valuation; the relevant inquiry remains the reasonableness of valuation-date information.
Case Laws GST
Refund of Excess IGST Paid on Exports Following Clerical Error in FORM GSTR-3B
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Excess IGST on exports remains refundable when later correction triggers automated refund and reconciliation proves duplicate payment.
Refund of excess IGST paid on zero-rated exports may arise where turnover and tax are mistakenly entered under non-zero-rated supplies in FORM GSTR-3B while export invoices and shipping bills are correctly reported in FORM GSTR-1. If the exporter then pays the same IGST in the correct zero-rated field and the automated refund is credited against that later payment, the earlier payment remains a separately identifiable potential excess; its claim is not a repeat request for the same export-tax refund.
Case Laws GST
Revocation of Cancellation of GST Registration for Non-Filing of Returns under Section 30 and Rule 2...
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GST registration revocation requires timely application, return compliance, payment of dues, and a reasoned statutory decision.
GST registration revocation after cancellation for return default is a conditional, time-bound process. An application under Section 30 and Rule 23 must ordinarily be filed within ninety days, subject to prescribed extension, and cannot be made until pending returns are filed and tax, interest, penalty and late fee are paid. Portal non-acceptance may permit online or physical submission where technically unavailable, but does not condone delay or ensure revocation. The competent authority must assess statutory eligibility, sufficient grounds and compliance while following notice and hearing requirements before rejection.
Case Laws Income Tax
TOLA, Section 149 and the Surviving-Time Test for Reassessment Proceedings
Show AI Summary
Reassessment limitation under TOLA requires final notices to issue within surviving time and satisfy statutory safeguards.
Reassessment limitation under TOLA is a jurisdictional restraint. Transitional notices issued between 1 April 2021 and 30 June 2021 are treated as Section 148A(b) show-cause notices, but only the surviving time remaining until 30 June 2021 is available for completing the reassessment process. Periods for supply of material and the assessee's response are excluded, but the Section 148A(d) decision, statutory approval and final Section 148 notice must issue within the remaining period. For Assessment Year 2015-16, post-1 April 2021 notices are treated as time-barred.
Case Laws Customs
Provisional Release of Unseized Imported Food Consignments under the Customs Act, 1962
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Unseized food consignments cannot face indefinite detention without lawful seizure, valid sampling, and prompt assessment.
Provisional release of an unseized imported food consignment is not mechanically governed by Section 110A, which applies to goods seized under Section 110. Customs may examine, test, verify and reassess imports, but indefinite retention without a seizure memorandum or disclosed reasons connecting the goods with confiscation is not justified. Food sampling should follow the specialised food-safety process through an authorised officer. A valid food-safety report may support conditional clearance, while classification, duty liability, confiscation and adjudication remain open. Revenue may be protected through proportionate security.
Case Laws Customs
Recovery of Unpaid Anti-Dumping Duty After Self-Assessment Under Section 28 of the Customs Act, 1962
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Anti-dumping duty recovery permits post-clearance demands and consequential import IGST where self-assessment omitted an applicable levy.
Unpaid anti-dumping duty omitted during self-assessment may be pursued through the customs recovery procedure without prior appellate modification of the self-assessment. The recovery framework applies to anti-dumping duty through statutory incorporation of provisions concerning assessment, non-levy, short-levy, interest and recovery. Where anti-dumping duty is chargeable, it forms part of the aggregate value used to compute IGST on imports, potentially creating a consequential IGST short-payment. Recovery requires accurate assessment of notification coverage, product, origin, rate, valuation, limitation and procedural safeguards.
Case Laws GST
Project-Wise Anti-Profiteering Methodology in Real Estate under Section 171 of the Central Goods and...
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Project-wise anti-profiteering requires actual input tax credit measurement and area-based allocation of benefits to real-estate purchasers.
Real-estate anti-profiteering under Section 171 requires project-level identification of additional input tax credit and allocation of the saving across total project area on a per-square-foot basis. Purchase value may quantify credit attributable to project expenditure, but turnover or collections cannot serve as the allocation basis. The comparison must use pre-GST credit actually availed rather than merely available credit. GST collected on consideration inflated by an undistributed benefit forms part of the amount not passed on and remains distinct from statutory interest.
Case Laws Income Tax
Retirement Leave Encashment Exemption under Section 10(10AA)(ii) and Retrospective Application of No...
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Retirement leave encashment exemption applies under the enhanced notified ceiling while preserving non-government employee classification and statutory conditions.
Section 10(10AA)(ii) governs retirement leave-encashment exemption for non-Government employees, subject to the ten-month earned-leave measure, average-salary computation, and the notified monetary ceiling. Notification No. 31/2023 specifies an enhanced ceiling of Rs. 25,00,000, is deemed effective from 1 April 2023, and certifies that retrospective effect causes no adverse effect. The enhanced ceiling is treated as a remedial rationalisation of an existing exemption and may govern pending earlier-period matters, while preserving the distinction between Government and non-Government employees.
Case Laws GST
Transit-State Jurisdiction under GST: Limits on Detention and Penalty in External Inter-State Suppli...
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Transit GST jurisdiction limits detention penalties for documented inter-State supplies lacking a local taxable nexus.
Transit-State jurisdiction under GST permits interception, document production, e-way bill verification and authorised physical inspection of goods moving through an intermediate State. It does not, in a pure transit movement, support detention-related penalty for an external inter-State supply where origin and destination lie outside the intercepting State, no tax is payable there, and there is no evidence of diversion, local supply, fictitious or mismatched documents, or mismatch of goods. Cross-empowerment is administrative and does not create an independent territorial taxable nexus.
Case Laws SEBI
Post-Facto Shareholder Ratification of Diversion of Preferential Issue Proceeds under the PFUTP Regu...
Show AI Summary
Shareholder ratification cannot cure preferential-issue fund diversion when disclosed objectives are abandoned, triggering securities-market fraud and disclosure concerns.
Post-facto shareholder approval cannot retrospectively validate diversion of preferential-issue proceeds contrary to issue-specific objects disclosed to shareholders and the market. A special resolution authorises the issue but does not permit unrestricted use of proceeds. Periodic deviation reporting, audit-committee review and utilisation disclosures promote transparency; they do not enable diversion followed by later regularisation. Immediate diversion, inadequate commercial justification and missing documentation may indicate that disclosed objects were not genuinely intended to be performed. Later amendment of corporate objects or shareholder ratification cannot cure a completed securities-market disclosure breach.

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Concessional rate of Short-term Capital Gains (STCG) tax to certain equity-oriented fund of funds.

5 July, 2019

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Concessional rate of Short-term Capital Gains (STCG) tax to certain equity-oriented fund of funds.

In order to incentivise fund of funds set up for disinvestment of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs), Finance Act, 2018 has provided concessional rate of long-term capital gains tax under section 112A of the Act for the transfer of units of such fund of funds.

In order to further incentivise these funds of funds, it is proposed to amend section 111A so as to extend the concessional rate of tax for short-term capital gains in respect of transfer of units of such fund of funds.

This amendment will take effect from 1st April, 2020 and will, accordingly, apply in relation to assessment year 2020-21 and subsequent assessment years.

 [Clause 32]

 

 

 

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