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<h1>Supreme Court Clarifies Mineral Rights Under MMDR Act; Section 9 Royalties Are Compensation, Not Taxes, Central Authority Confirmed.</h1> The Supreme Court of India delivered a landmark judgment clarifying the legal framework for mineral rights under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act). The Court examined the constitutional distribution of powers, particularly the validity of Section 9, which allows the Central Government to levy royalties on minerals. It ruled that these royalties are compensation, not taxes, and fall within the Centre's legislative competence under Entry 54 of List I. The judgment delineates the Centre's exclusive right to regulate mines and minerals, while States can tax mineral rights without imposing royalties, impacting governance and resource management.