Transfer-pricing comparability requires functionally similar, uncontrolled companies, with turnover, related-party transactions and risk profiles assessed on reliable data.

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....Transfer-pricing comparability must meet statutory requirements; taxpayer-selected comparables cannot be replaced merely with a standard departmental set. Functional dissimilarity, abnormal margins, turnover, contractual risk profile and related-party transactions may justify exclusion, with a lower related-party threshold preferred where adequate uncontrolled comparables exist. Foreign-exchange gains or losses are operating items only when directly linked to the relevant international transaction. Reliable subsequently available data may support appellate-stage comparable changes, subject to statutory conditions. The prescribed variation is a tolerance range, not a standard deduction. Working-capital adjustment addresses material margin di.........