Transfer-pricing benchmarking requires proven COVID costs, consistent TNMM classifications, and reliable internal CUP comparability before adjustments.

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....COVID-19 adjustments in transfer-pricing benchmarking require proof of exceptional pandemic expenditure, its non-operating character, and a materially different impact on comparables; pandemic timing alone is insufficient. TNMM also requires consistent treatment of operating and non-operating items for the tested party and comparables, including foreign-exchange effects from revenue transactions and depreciation on business assets. Internal CUP for software support services requires transaction-level comparability of contractual scope, functions, assets, risks, personnel, volume, duration and market conditions, with reliable adjustments for material differences. Transfer-pricing adjustments were remanded for fresh verification and benchmarking. A final assessment following timely draft assessment and DRP directions remains within the separate DRP-related limitation period.....