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    <title>2025 (9) TMI 1791 - ITAT MUMBAI</title>
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    <description>Royalty and fees for technical services were held taxable only on actual receipt under the India-Germany treaty and the assessee&#039;s consistent prior-year position, so accrual-based taxation was rejected. Consideration for standard software supplied without transfer of copyright was treated as non-royalty, following the Supreme Court in Engineering Analysis, so no royalty income arose under the Act or treaty. The Tribunal found no association of persons between the assessee and the Indian entity, so offshore supply receipts could not be taxed on that basis. It also held that an arm&#039;s length price cannot be fixed by an ad hoc uplift without prescribed benchmarking methods, so the transfer pricing adjustment failed.</description>
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      <title>2025 (9) TMI 1791 - ITAT MUMBAI</title>
      <link>https://www.taxtmi.com/caselaws?id=468522</link>
      <description>Royalty and fees for technical services were held taxable only on actual receipt under the India-Germany treaty and the assessee&#039;s consistent prior-year position, so accrual-based taxation was rejected. Consideration for standard software supplied without transfer of copyright was treated as non-royalty, following the Supreme Court in Engineering Analysis, so no royalty income arose under the Act or treaty. The Tribunal found no association of persons between the assessee and the Indian entity, so offshore supply receipts could not be taxed on that basis. It also held that an arm&#039;s length price cannot be fixed by an ad hoc uplift without prescribed benchmarking methods, so the transfer pricing adjustment failed.</description>
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