https://www.taxtmi.com/caselaws?id=199979 Section 2(j) of the Industrial Disputes Act applies only where there is systematic activity organised through employer-employee cooperation and the activity is analogous to trade or business. A research institute may qualify if its work is commercial or service-oriented and its output is meant for use or sale. Pure research undertaken for governmental benefit, without material showing marketability, commercial exploitation, or satisfaction of consumer needs, falls outside the definition of industry. The Physical Research Laboratory was therefore held not to be an industry under section 2(j), and the Labour Court award was set aside. en-us Tue, 08 Apr 1997 00:00:00 +0530 Fri, 16 Mar 2018 12:42:14 +0530 TaxTMI RSS Generator https://www.taxtmi.com/caselaws?id=199979 Section 2(j) of the Industrial Disputes Act applies only where there is systematic activity organised through employer-employee cooperation and the activity is analogous to trade or business. A research institute may qualify if its work is commercial or service-oriented and its output is meant for use or sale. Pure research undertaken for governmental benefit, without material showing marketability, commercial exploitation, or satisfaction of consumer needs, falls outside the definition of industry. The Physical Research Laboratory was therefore held not to be an industry under section 2(j), and the Labour Court award was set aside. Case-Laws Indian Laws Tue, 08 Apr 1997 00:00:00 +0530 https://www.taxtmi.com/caselaws?id=199979