Archaeology and epigraphy: distinct disciplines-artifacts versus inscriptions, requiring separate methodological expertise in practice.

Archaeology is the systematic study of antiquities through excavation and analysis of physical remains, while epigraphy is the study and interpretation of inscriptions on durable materials; the disciplines are distinct yet ancillary, with decipherment and language expertise belonging to epigraphy and skeletal analysis falling to physical anthropology.

---

---

---