2025 (10) TMI 1017 - AT - Income Tax

Assessee taxed on profit element under s.69A, only Rs.1,68,667 profit portion taxed; normal rates, not s.115BBE

ITAT (Rajkot) upheld an addition under s.69A relating to alleged 'on-money' in an immovable property purchase but found no direct incriminating evidence ... Addition u/s 69A - 'on-money' payment for purchase of immovable property - as argued no valid incriminating material or direct evidence to prove that the assessee made any cash payment in relation to the purchase of property - assessee has denied making any on-money payment and has claimed that she held only 1/3rd share in the said property - HELD THAT:- As noted that entire “on money” cannot be the profit of the assessee, therefore, profit element out of Rs. 1,68,667/- should be taxed in the hands of the assessee. Therefore, considering the facts and circumstances of the case, and taking into account smallness of the amount direct the assessing officer to compute the net profit @ 8%. I also direct the assessing officer to tax the amount of Rs. 13,493/-, applying the normal rate of income tax and not under section 115BBE of the Act. ISSUES PRESENTED AND CONSIDERED 1. Whether the addition made under section 69A (unexplained money) in respect of alleged 'on-money' paid for purchase of immovable property is sustainable where incriminating material seized from third-party premises points to cash payments but does not directly record the assessee as payer. 2. Whether, if a share of alleged cash payment is attributed to the assessee, the entire amount should be treated as income liable to be taxed under section 69A read with section 115BBE, or whether only the profit element should be taxed and, if so, on what basis/percentage. 3. Whether an adjudication reducing the addition on account of smallness of amount and directing taxation of a computed profit element at normal rates can be confined to the particular facts and declined to be treated as precedent. ISSUE-WISE DETAILED ANALYSIS Issue 1 - Sustainability of addition under section 69A where seized material emanates from third-party premises and does not directly name the assessee Legal framework: Section 69A treats money, bullion, jewelry or other valuable articles found as unexplained money and may be charged to tax where the taxpayer fails to account for source; material seized under section 132 can be used to form basis for reassessment under section 147/148 if there is nexus to escapement of income. Precedent Treatment: The Tribunal referred to (and followed) the established principle that incriminating material seized from third parties can be relevant provided there is a live nexus to the assessee's escapement of income and the material has sufficient probative value to connect the assessee to the transaction. Interpretation and reasoning: The Tribunal noted the assessee's contention that the seized digital file and documents named a different individual and were unsigned, challenging evidentiary value and direct linkage. The Tribunal nevertheless accepted the Assessing Officer's factual finding that the total 'on-money' in the seized material amounted to Rs. 5,06,000 and that the assessee's declared share in the property entitled the AO to attribute one-third of the total 'on-money' (Rs. 1,68,667) to the assessee. The Tribunal implicitly treated the seized material as capable of supporting an inference against the assessee despite lack of direct signed admission, because of the transactional nexus between the seized material and the purchase of the property in which the assessee held a one-third share. Ratio vs. Obiter: Ratio - that third-party seized material bearing transactional details may sustain an addition under section 69A if a rational nexus exists between that material and the assessee's share in the transaction; Obiter - comments on unsigned nature of documents reducing evidentiary weight but not dispositive. Conclusion: The addition under section 69A is sustainable in principle on the facts because the seized material, taken with the assessee's admitted one-third interest in the property, provided a basis to attribute Rs. 1,68,667 to the assessee as unexplained money. Issue 2 - Extent of taxation: entire unexplained sum under section 115BBE versus taxing only the profit element at normal rates Legal framework: Section 69A/69 and allied provisions permit taxing unexplained money; section 115BBE prescribes special tax treatment for income assessed as unexplained money (taxed at a special rate without allowance of deductions) whereas ordinarily only the profit element of undisclosed receipts is liable to normal income tax. Precedent Treatment: The Tribunal applied accepted distinctions between taxing gross unexplained receipts under penal provisions and treating a portion as profit element when the entire 'on-money' does not equate to gain/profit to the assessee. The decision follows the judicial approach of segregating profit element where appropriate rather than automatically applying special rate provisions to the whole amount. Interpretation and reasoning: The Tribunal reasoned that the entire 'on-money' cannot be equated to the assessee's profit; therefore it would be disproportionate to tax the full attributed amount under section 115BBE. Considering the small quantum and the factual context, the Tribunal directed computation of a net profit at 8% on the attributed sum (1/3 of total on-money) and ordered taxation of that computed profit under normal rates, not under section 115BBE. The Tribunal treated the 8% as an appropriate proxy for profit element in the circumstances rather than accepting the full unexplained amount as income subject to special tax treatment. Ratio vs. Obiter: Ratio - where the attributed unexplained sum reflects alleged 'on-money' in purchase transactions, the Tribunal may compute a reasonable profit element and tax that element under normal provisions rather than automatically subjecting the entire sum to section 115BBE; Obiter - fixation of 8% as the profit rate is case-specific given the small amount and factual matrix. Conclusion: The Tribunal upheld the attribution of Rs. 1,68,667 to the assessee but directed the Assessing Officer to compute an 8% net profit on that amount (Rs. 13,493) and tax that profit at normal rates, not under section 115BBE. Issue 3 - Limiting the adjudication to the particular facts and non-precedential character of the order Legal framework: Tribunals may confine findings to facts and circumstances of a case and expressly state that their decision is not to be treated as precedent where the decision rests on particularities such as smallness of the amount or unique factual matrix. Precedent Treatment: The Tribunal expressly invoked the principle that orders can be fact-specific and non-precedential, following established practice that adjudications based on peculiar facts and de minimis considerations need not bind future cases. Interpretation and reasoning: Because the Tribunal's relief (taxing only an 8% profit element) was influenced by the smallness of the amount and peculiarities of evidence, it qualified its ruling to avoid creating a general precedent. The Tribunal thereby limited the ratio to the instant facts and prevented the order from being treated as authority for other assessments or years. Ratio vs. Obiter: Ratio - the decision on taxing a computed profit element at normal rates is confined to the case's particular facts; Obiter - any broader implication that 8% is a standard profit proxy is explicitly disavowed. Conclusion: The Tribunal's direction to compute and tax only an 8% profit element is explicitly confined to the peculiar facts and the small quantum involved and is declared not to be a precedent for other cases.