2025 (4) TMI 1228 - HC - Income Tax

Penalty under Section 271(1)(c) set aside for genuine mistake in HUF partition capital loss claim

The Calcutta HC upheld the Tribunal's decision to set aside penalty u/s 271(1)(c) imposed on an assessee for claiming capital loss on HUF dissolution. The ... Penalty u/s 271(1)(c) - disallowance of capital loss on dissolution of the HUF - AO has stated that he is satisfied that the assessee has furnished inaccurate particulars of the income by claiming the said amount as deduction - HELD THAT:- As the argument by relying upon Section 171 does not take the case of the revenue any forward. One more aspect which we have taken note of is that partition of the HUF completely was accepted by the AO while completing the assessment under Section 143 (3) of the Act and therefore, it will be too late for the revenue to now turn back and say that they will not recognize the partition of the HUF in full form. As already noted, the reason for which notice was issued for initiating penalty proceedings, is different from the conclusion which was arrived at by the Assessing Officer while passing the penalty order dated 30.6.2017. This is also yet another incurable defect which is called for interference of the penalty order. At this juncture, we need to point out that the law is well settled that the penalty proceedings are separate and independent from the assessment proceedings. Even assuming an addition has been made in the assessment proceedings, that will not automatically warrant levy of penalty. There is a mandate cast on the revenue to show with sufficient material that there was a concealment of income by the assessee and the assessee attempted to evade payment of tax. In the instant case, the assessee upon partition of the HUF in full form mistakenly treated the assets in the hands of erstwhile coparceners to be a transfer. This was subsequently ascertained during the course of the assessment proceedings and the assessee put forth the case to be a one of genuine mistake. If that be the case on facts, it is also one more ground for not to levy any penalty on the assessee. Thus, Tribunal was right in allowing the assessee’s appeal and setting aside the penalty order. Decided in favour of assessee. 1. ISSUES PRESENTED and CONSIDEREDThe core legal questions considered by the Court were:a) Whether the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) was justified in law in quashing the penalty order passed under Section 271(1)(c) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, on the ground that the penalty proceedings were void ab initio and bad in law.b) Whether the ITAT was justified in law in not discussing the merits of the case in its order.c) Whether the ITAT was justified in law in not considering the applicability of Section 171(4) read with Section 171(8) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, which could render the assessee liable for penalty despite the dissolution of the Hindu Undivided Family (HUF).2. ISSUE-WISE DETAILED ANALYSISIssue (a): Validity of penalty proceedings under Section 271(1)(c) when initiated against a non-existent entity (HUF dissolved)Relevant legal framework and precedents: Section 271(1)(c) imposes penalty for furnishing inaccurate particulars of income. The Supreme Court's decision in CIT vs. Maruti Suzuki India Limited established that notices or orders issued in the name of a non-existent person render the proceedings and consequent actions a nullity. Further, decisions from the Patna High Court (CIT vs. Sanichar Sah Bhim Sah) and Andhra Pradesh High Court (Manhakali Subba Rao Mahankali Nageswara Rao vs. CIT) held that penalty cannot be levied on a non-existent HUF post-partition.Court's interpretation and reasoning: The Court noted the assessing officer completed the assessment under Section 143(3) and made an addition disallowing capital loss on dissolution of the HUF. The penalty proceedings were initiated against the HUF, which was dissolved on 26.3.2014, prior to issuance of the penalty notice and order. The Tribunal found that the penalty notice and order were issued in the name of a non-existent entity, a fact not disputed by the revenue. Applying the Supreme Court precedent, the Tribunal held the penalty proceedings were void ab initio.Key evidence and findings: The assessment order acknowledged the complete partition and dissolution of the HUF. The penalty proceedings were initiated after dissolution without any formal notice to individual members of the erstwhile HUF. The penalty order was passed on grounds inconsistent with the show-cause notice. The assessee's rectification petition under Section 154 was filed pointing out that brought-forward capital losses had not been considered, resulting in a nil tax liability, indicating the issue was tax neutral.Application of law to facts: Since the HUF ceased to exist before penalty proceedings commenced, the proceedings against it were invalid. The revenue failed to initiate penalty proceedings against the individual members of the dissolved HUF, thereby violating principles of natural justice. The penalty order was also flawed due to change in grounds from inaccurate particulars to concealment of income without proper notice.Treatment of competing arguments: The revenue argued that Section 171(4) and (8) could impose penalty liability on members despite dissolution. However, the Court observed that these provisions were not raised before the Tribunal or appellate authority and the individual members were never put on notice. The Court held that a person cannot be condemned without being heard, thus rejecting the revenue's belated reliance on Section 171.Conclusions: The penalty proceedings initiated against the dissolved HUF were void ab initio. The Tribunal was justified in quashing the penalty order on this ground.Issue (b): Whether the ITAT was justified in not discussing the merits of the penalty caseRelevant legal framework and precedents: It is settled that penalty proceedings are independent of assessment proceedings. Penalty can only be imposed upon satisfaction of concealment or furnishing inaccurate particulars with intent to evade tax. The Court recognized that the assessee did not challenge the addition in assessment as it was tax neutral, and no demand was raised.Court's interpretation and reasoning: The Tribunal chose to decide the technical issue of the non-existence of the HUF entity rather than delve into the merits of concealment or inaccurate particulars. The Court endorsed this approach, noting that if penalty proceedings are void ab initio, there is no need to examine merits.Key evidence and findings: The assessment order was tax neutral, and the revenue did not raise any demand. The assessee's explanation was that the assets transferred on partition were at cost/book value under Section 47, and the mistake was genuine.Application of law to facts: Since the penalty proceedings were invalid, the Tribunal's decision to not discuss merits was reasonable and legally sound.Treatment of competing arguments: The revenue's contention that penalty was warranted was not entertained as the fundamental defect of non-existent entity was dispositive.Conclusions: The ITAT was justified in not discussing merits once the penalty proceedings were held void ab initio.Issue (c): Applicability of Section 171(4) and (8) regarding penalty liability post-dissolution of HUFRelevant legal framework: Section 171(4) and (8) provide that in case of dissolution of an HUF, the individual members may be liable for tax and penalty.Court's interpretation and reasoning: The Court observed that the revenue did not raise this contention before the Tribunal or appellate authority. Moreover, the individual members were never put on notice for penalty proceedings. The Court emphasized the principle that a person cannot be condemned without being heard.Key evidence and findings: The assessing officer accepted the complete partition of the HUF in the assessment order. No penalty notice was issued to individual members.Application of law to facts: The revenue's belated reliance on Section 171 could not cure the fundamental defect that penalty proceedings were initiated against a non-existent entity and not against individual members.Treatment of competing arguments: The Court rejected the revenue's argument on Section 171 as it was neither pleaded nor followed by procedural fairness.Conclusions: Section 171 could not be invoked to sustain penalty proceedings against the dissolved HUF without proper notice to individual members.3. SIGNIFICANT HOLDINGS'The entire penalty proceedings are ab initio void as the penalty notice and order have been issued in the name of a non-existent entity, namely the HUF which was dissolved prior to initiation of penalty proceedings.''A person cannot be condemned without being heard. Since the individual members of the erstwhile HUF were never put on notice, reliance on Section 171(4) and (8) by the revenue cannot sustain the penalty proceedings.''The reason for issuing the penalty notice must be consistent with the reason recorded in the penalty order. Any change in the ground without fresh notice is a serious error rendering the penalty order a nullity.''Penalty proceedings are separate and independent from assessment proceedings. Even if an addition is made in assessment, penalty can only be levied upon sufficient material showing concealment or evasion of tax.''Where an addition or disallowance ultimately results in tax neutrality, no penalty can be levied under Section 271(1)(c).''The Tribunal was justified in not discussing the merits of the penalty once the fundamental defect of non-existent entity was established.'The Court dismissed the appeal filed by the revenue and upheld the ITAT's order quashing the penalty under Section 271(1)(c) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 for the assessment year 2014-15.