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<h1>Accounting treatment for government grants: recognition, deferred income vs asset deduction, revenue matching, and refunds under AS 12</h1> Prescribes recognition, measurement, presentation, refund accounting, and disclosure requirements for government grants, including cash or kind assistance subject to compliance conditions. Grants are not recognised until there is reasonable assurance of compliance and receipt; earned benefits may be credited on a prudent basis, and post-recognition contingencies are accounted for under AS 4. Grants related to specific fixed assets must be presented either as a deduction from the asset's gross value (reducing depreciation) or as deferred income amortised to profit and loss over the asset's useful life, with special rules for non-depreciable assets. Revenue-related grants are recognised systematically in profit and loss to match related costs, presented either as other income or netted against the expense. Promoters' contribution-type grants are credited to capital reserve. Refundable grants are treated as extraordinary items and adjusted against deferred credits, asset carrying amounts, deferred income, or capital reserve, as applicable.