Penalty for benefits to related persons: escalatory monetary sanction for exempt institutions misapplying income to related parties. A provision authorises the Assessing Officer to levy a penalty on tax-exempt funds, trusts, educational or medical institutions that apply income for the benefit of related persons: an amount equal to the aggregate income so applied for a first detected breach, and an escalated penalty equal to twice that aggregate amount where the contravention is found again in a later year.