Arm's length pricing rules define the methods, comparability factors, and data standards for transfer pricing analysis. Determination of arm's length price for international transactions and specified domestic transactions is made by the most appropriate method under the transfer pricing framework, including the comparable uncontrolled price, resale price, cost plus, profit split, transactional net margin, and any other prescribed method. The rule prescribes method-specific adjustments for differences that materially affect price, gross profit, cost, or net profit, and requires comparability to be assessed by reference to the property or services, functions performed, assets, risks, contractual terms, market conditions, and the relevant data period for analysis.