Voting procedure: Speaker abstains initially but holds casting vote; Houses validly act despite vacancies; quorum mandated.

Questions in either House or a joint sitting are decided by majority of those present and voting; the Speaker or person acting as Chairman does not vote in the first instance but has a casting vote in case of equality. Either House may act notwithstanding vacancies and proceedings remain valid despite later discovery of unauthorized participation. Until Parliament provides otherwise, the quorum for a meeting is one-tenth of the total membership, and the Chairman or Speaker must adjourn or suspend the meeting if no quorum is present.

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