Unexplained expenditure deemed income when the assessee's explanation is unsatisfactory, enabling inclusion in taxable income.

Section 69C deems as income any expenditure the assessee cannot satisfactorily explain to the Income-tax Officer, allowing the assessing authority to include such unexplained amounts or parts thereof in the assessee's income for the relevant year. Section 69D deems amounts borrowed on, or repaid on, a hundi to be income of the borrower or repayer when not routed by an account payee bank cheque, with a proviso preventing reassessment on repayment if the amount was already deemed income on borrowing; repayments include interest.

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